In India, food is more than sustenance—it’s culture, emotion, and business. From roadside chaat to lavish thalis, food is woven into daily life. Yet, for a country that prides itself on its culinary richness, food hygiene remains a persistent, systemic problem.
Why?
It’s tempting to look at one-off causes—lack of regulation, street food culture, or poverty—but the real answer lies in an interplay of incentives, behaviors, and institutional weaknesses. Let’s break it down.
1. The Illusion of Regulation
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) exists, and its regulations are well-documented. Yet, a large percentage of food businesses operate without any oversight. Enforcement is lax, inspections are rare, and bribery can make violations disappear.
For a small food vendor or restaurant, compliance is costly—hygienic practices require money, training, and effort. When the risk of being caught is low and the cost of hygiene is high, the rational choice for many is to cut corners.
This is a classic case of broken incentives: when following the rules is more expensive than ignoring them, people will ignore them.
2. A Culture That Normalizes Risk
Indians love street food. And why not? It’s cheap, delicious, and deeply ingrained in the way we experience food. But there’s an underlying problem: people assume food safety is someone else’s responsibility—either the vendor’s or the government’s.
The reality? Most street vendors:
- Reuse oil repeatedly, creating carcinogens.
- Use untreated water, leading to bacterial contamination.
- Handle money and food interchangeably, transferring germs.
Yet, people eat without question. In fact, a stomach ache after eating golgappas is often dismissed as “just part of the experience.”
This brings us to the perception gap: In countries with stricter hygiene standards, a foodborne illness would cause outrage. In India, it’s shrugged off.
3. Adulteration: When Business Trumps Ethics
Food adulteration in India is an industry in itself. Milk with detergent, artificial colors in sweets, chemical-ripened fruits, synthetic paneer—the list goes on.
Why does this happen?
- Profit maximization – adulterated food is cheaper to produce.
- Weak consequences – even when caught, penalties are minimal.
- Low consumer awareness – many people don’t know what to check for.
When cheating the system is easier than playing fair, businesses will exploit the loopholes.
4. The Water Crisis That No One Talks About
Contaminated water is a silent villain in India’s food hygiene crisis. Many vendors and restaurants use untreated groundwater or municipal water that carries bacteria, heavy metals, and industrial waste.
Even the best-prepared food can be unsafe if the water used to cook or wash it is contaminated. But unlike visibly dirty surroundings, water contamination is invisible—making it a bigger and harder-to-solve problem.
5. The Economy of Cheap Food
Hygiene is expensive.
For a small food vendor:
- Buying fresh ingredients daily increases costs.
- Proper cold storage requires reliable electricity and investment.
- Paying for licenses, inspections, and staff training adds more expenses.
The alternative? Lower quality ingredients, improper storage, and shortcuts in hygiene. When the customer base prioritizes price over quality, vendors respond accordingly.
Cheap food comes at a hidden cost: foodborne diseases. Typhoid, jaundice, diarrhea, and food poisoning are common but preventable—if hygiene were a priority.
6. The Environmental Factor: A Seasonal Disaster
India’s climate plays a role too. The monsoon season creates stagnant water, which becomes a breeding ground for bacteria. Hot summers accelerate food spoilage. Humidity encourages mold and fungal growth.
In many parts of the country, these environmental challenges make hygiene maintenance even harder—especially when businesses lack refrigeration or proper waste disposal.
Fixing the Problem: Is There a Way Forward?
There’s no silver bullet, but some systemic changes can make a difference:
- Stricter enforcement of FSSAI standards – Surprise inspections and real penalties.
- Consumer awareness – Teaching people how to identify unhygienic food.
- Vendor training – Simple hygiene protocols can go a long way.
- Technology integration – QR codes for food traceability, AI-based monitoring.
- Better supply chains – Ensuring food is stored and transported safely.
- Stronger laws on adulteration – Make food fraud a high-risk, low-reward crime.
A Change in Mindset
Most importantly, there needs to be a cultural shift in how food safety is perceived. In India, we often tolerate risk until it becomes personal—until a family member gets food poisoning or a child falls sick.
That’s when hygiene becomes a concern.
But by then, it’s too late.
Until we demand hygiene as a fundamental right, not a privilege, the problem will persist. Because in the end, businesses, governments, and vendors respond to what people accept—not just what laws dictate.
The real question is: How much risk are we willing to keep ignoring?